Dangers That Lurk At Take Off and Landing Aircraft!

The airplane is a wonderful mode of transportation than land and sea transportation modes. That's because it can be said against the laws of nature to resist the force of gravity. Because of these unique properties too, then the mode of air transport is the most dangerous mode of transportation among others.
Among the other phases of flight operations, the phase of taking off and landing are the most critical and dangerous phase of flight operations. Boeing is reinforced by research conducted in the period 1950-2004 where the majority of accidents occur on take-off phase (17%) and landing (51%).

Statistics diagram_accidentDiagram Boeing Aircraft Corp. Acidents Based Research. Period 1950-2004
In the second stage depends on the readiness and ability of the major players are pilots and air traffic control (Air Traffic Controller / ATC). The following are the dangers that often occur during take off and landing. Far more often a combination of several events at once.
Collision With VehicleVehicles passing by at the airport must get permission in advance to control traffic on land. But sometimes often ignored and can be fatal.
Or the other way around as it did on Singapore Airlines Flight 006 in 2000 at the International Airport Chiang Kai-Shek, Taiwan. Pilot one of the ATC and landing mengintrepretasikan stray to the runway that was built and crashed into construction vehicles.
Collision With AircraftThere is likely to risk this happening in a crowded airport traffic, the plane that landed above the plane that took off. Or rather, there is a plane that suddenly cut off the aircraft landing without permission from ATC.
Finally, the collision occurred, but whoever does not want to experience it is always possible to talk possibilities. One of the near-fatal incident was on 11 September 1990 at Sydney Airport where a Qantas B747 aircraft which is being pulled across the ground passed over by a Cathay Pacific's B747 takeoff. Cathay plane containing 263 passengers managed to avoid a distance of 70 meters!
Nearly repeated accidents in the Canary Islands. Tragic events that claimed as many as 583 souls largest occurred in 1978 in which two B747 (KLM position PANAM take off and landing approach position) collided on the runway at Tenerife Airport.
Stagnant Water In FoundationThere are various consequences that affect aircraft performance during take off. Stagnant water will hamper thus requiring a longer time to achieve the speed required for flight. What is worse if the water splashes into the aircraft engines in large quantities can cause the engine to die.
While the landing would create a hazard when hidroplanning. Where the plane floating on the surface of the water wheel and braked hard. As a result, the aircraft may overshoot or slip.
Bad Power Vision (Low Visibility)Can be caused by weather, fog, and so on. Very dangerous because pilots can not see if there is something dilandasan (runway incursion). Aviators will be too late see it so it will be too late in taking any action.
As for landing, the pilot must do divert to another airport. Do not force yourself to fly the instrument if the airport does not have adequate equipment. For pioneering the airport with the weather is often fickle and misty with the topography of harm such as in Papua, for example, there are strict rules "No See No Fly" to aviation safety is maintained.
Wind From the Side A Hard EnoughFor large aircraft may not be very influential in maintaining the direction of either taking off or landing but should not be ignored, because the wind is strong enough to push one wing touched the runway.
Blow-outAs in the car, which burst tires would be very dangerous because there is a tendency to run sideways towards the tire to rupture. Fractional aircraft tires can be dangerous as it does in tragedy Water Franch, Concorde in 2000 that once completed this career supersonic passenger aircraft.
While the landing when the pilot landed as much as possible with appropriate speed and slow procedures plane with water equipment brake or thrust reverser. Do not impose always the aircraft wheel brake wear to avoid the tire burst and prolong the life of the aircraft tire.
Bird StrikeIt seems strange, that small birds can lead to danger for large aircraft. But it should be remembered that the take off and landing are the critical situation even the slightest danger of fatal consequences.
For example in 1995, E-3 Sentry aircraft the U.S. Air Force crashed shortly after take off from Elmendorf, Anchorage, Alaska. Studies have shown there are geese carcasses scattered around the runway where the accident. Proved that the fatal consequences of this threat and aircraft capable of dropping the radar flying the Boeing B707.
Engine FailureBeing one of the most important point in the crew briefing so that the entire crew is always vigilant in the face of the worst circumstances. If it occurs during take off at speeds V1, cancel or continue the take off has a level of approximately the same danger.
Temperature InversionIs the change in temperature / temperature in reverse. Cold temperatures will increase or at least equal to the height of 500-1000 feet. In the Middle East during the summer often occurs in reverse. About 35 degrees and 40 degrees on the runway at an altitude of 1000 feet.
Very dangerous because the effect on engine performance dropped dramatically. This incident is difficult to detect either by equipment or equipment Meteorology. Airmen who experience it must immediately notify ATC in order to remind the next plane will take off or landing.
Wind Shear & MicrobustShear Wind is the wind changed suddenly. The most dangerous in the event of a change of 180 degrees. The wind from the front suddenly changed direction to the rear of the aircraft resulted in loss of lift suddenly.
While microbust resulting from Comulunimbus Cloud (Cb) is the main enemy aviators and anyone would try to avoid. Because if there downdraft caused microbust, no mercy for any aircraft capable of slamming to the ground.
Dated July 9, 1982 accident that befell PANAM could be examples of the enormity of the combination of windshear and microbust. B727 aircraft berpenumpang 141 people lose lift, slammed and crashed after take off from Moisant Airport, New Orleans. U.S. aviation authorities, the FAA (Federal Aviation Administration) paid great attention on this issue especially since 1960, approximately 500 aircraft harm or near misses with almost the same pattern, both struck down during take off and landing.
The phenomenon is visible and short duration (average 10 minutes) are difficult to trace until the decade of the 90s mounted equipment Low Level Windshear Alert System that is able to provide a warning two minutes before microbust it appears.
Wind TurbulenceIs a phenomenon caused by the wing tips Vortec. Wind flow from the tip of a circular wing and growing down. Trajectory through which the aircraft will produce dangerous wind turbulence behind the aircraft.
Some take off and landing procedures to face the wind turbulence is indeed learned by every pilot, but the ATC can also help by giving at least a 5-minute intervals both take off and landing to wind turbulence disappears. 

Source: 
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2. Angkasa, Majalah Kedirgantaraan, “Take Off”, No. 4 Januari 1991
3. Fahmi, Riza, Crash ! Menyingkap Misteri Penyebab Kecelakaan Pesawat, Jasakom 2008
4. Hakim, Chappy, Pelangi Dirgantara, Dispen TNI-AU, 1999
5. Intermoda, Majalah Transportasi, “Human Factors”, No. 1 Januari 2008
6. Intermoda, Majalah Transportasi, “Human Factors : Dapatkah Dikurangi ?”, No.2 Maret 2008
7. Terbang, Aero Sport Magazine, “Wake Turbulance”, Edisi Agustus-September 2004